Adipocytes, or fat cells, are specialized cells that store fat in the body. These cells are found in adipose tissue, which is distributed throughout the body, especially under the skin and around internal organs. Adipocytes play a key role in energy metabolism, as they store excess calories in the form of triglycerides, which can be released when the body needs additional energy. In addition to energy storage, adipocytes also help regulate hormones that control appetite, metabolism, and insulin sensitivity.

There are two main types of adipocytes: white adipocytes and brown adipocytes. White adipocytes are primarily involved in storing energy, while brown adipocytes are responsible for thermogenesis, or heat production. Brown fat is especially abundant in newborns and is believed to play a role in maintaining body temperature. As individuals age or gain weight, the number and size of white adipocytes can increase, leading to excess fat storage and potential health issues such as obesity and metabolic disorders.

Adipocytes also play a role in hormone regulation. They secrete a variety of hormones and signaling molecules, including leptin, which helps control appetite, and adiponectin, which regulates glucose levels and fatty acid metabolism. These hormones are crucial for maintaining energy balance in the body and influencing overall metabolic function.

Excessive accumulation of fat in the form of adipocytes, particularly visceral fat, is linked to numerous health risks, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain types of cancer. Reducing the number of adipocytes through lifestyle changes like diet and exercise can help mitigate these risks and improve overall health.